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DispatchAccountDiplomacy

by Maaselov. . 10 reads.

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" D I C T A T O R SA R ER U L E R SW H OA L W A Y S
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L O O KG O O DU N T I LT H EL A S TT E NM I N U T E S . "
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~J A NM A S A R Y K
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A P P L I C A T I O NO FM A A S E L O V
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Československo

Flag


Map of Czechoslovakia


Capital:Prague


Official Languages: Czech, Slovak

Recognized Languages: German, Polish, Hungarian,
Ukranian


Demonym:Czechoslovak


Anthem: LinkKde domov můj [Where My Home Is]


Government: Unitary parliamentary republic


Legislature:

  • Upper House - Senate

  • Lower House - Chamber of Deputies


President:

  • Tomáš Masaryk - 1918 – 1935

  • Edvard Beneš - 1935 - 1938

  • Emil Hácha - 1938 - 1939

  • Edvard Beneš - 1945 - 1949

  • Jan Masaryk - 1949 - Today


Establishment:

  • First Czechoslovak Republic,
    October 28th 1918 - September 30th 1938

  • Second Czechoslovak Republic,
    September 30th 1938 - March 15th 1939

  • Third Czechoslovak Republic, April 4th 1945


Area:
Total: 127,900 km2


Population: 14,726,158
Density: 115.13 / km2


GDP (Nominal)
Total: $~
Per Capita: ~


Admitted to the United Nations: 24 October 1945


Currency: Czechoslovak koruna


Timezone: UTC +1


Drives on the: Right


IOC Country Code: TCH



1918 - 1945

According to the History Books

Liberation and the Establishment of the Third Republic

1945

The Third Republic came into being in April 1945. Its government, installed at Košice on 4 April and moved to Prague after its liberation on 10 May, was a National Front coalition in which three socialist parties—KSČ, Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party, and Czechoslovak National Social Party—predominated. The Slovak Popular Party was banned as collaborationist with the Nazis. Other conservative yet democratic parties, such as the Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants, were prevented from resuming activities in the postwar period. Certain acceptable nonsocialist parties were included in the coalition; among them were the Catholic People's Party (in Moravia) and the Slovak Democratic Party. Employing 61.2 percent of the industrial labour force—were nationalised.

14 October 1945 saw a new provisional national assembly voted in.

Beneš had compromised with the KSČ to avoid a postwar coup; he naďvely hoped that the democratic process would restore a more equitable distribution of power. Beneš had negotiated the Soviet alliance, but at the same time he hoped to establish Czechoslovakia as a "bridge" between East and West, capable of maintaining contacts with both sides. The KSČ leader Klement Gottwald, however, professed commitment to a "gradualist" approach, that is, to a KSČ assumption of power by democratic means.

The popular enthusiasm evoked by the Soviet armies of liberation benefited the KSČ. Czechoslovaks, bitterly disappointed by the West at the Munich Agreement, responded favourably to both the KSČ and the Soviet alliance. Communists secured strong representation in the popularly elected national committees, the new organs of local administration. The KSČ organised and centralised the trades union movement; of 120 representatives to the Central Council of Trades Unions, 94 were communists. The party worked to acquire a mass membership, including peasants and the petite bourgeoisie, as well as the proletariat. Between May 1945 and May 1946, KSČ membership grew from 27,000 to over 1.1 million.


Beneš returning to Prague, 1945

1946

In the May 1946 election, the KSČ won in the Czech part of the country (40.17%), while the anti-Communist Democratic Party won in Slovakia (62%). In sum, however, the KSČ won a plurality of 38 percent of the vote at the Czechoslovak level. Beneš continued as president of the republic, and Jan Masaryk, son of the revered founding father, continued as foreign minister. Gottwald became prime minister. Most important, although the communists held only a minority of portfolios, they were able to gain control over such key ministries as information, internal trade, finance and interior (including the police apparatus). Through these ministries, the communists were able to suppress noncommunist opposition, place party members in positions of power, and create a solid basis for a takeover attempt.

1947

The year that followed was uneventful. The KSČ continued to proclaim its national and democratic orientation. The turning point came in the summer of 1947. In July, the Czechoslovak government, with KSČ approval, accepted an Anglo-French invitation to attend preliminary discussions of the Marshall Plan. The Soviet Union responded immediately to the Czechoslovak move to continue the Western alliance: Stalin summoned Gottwald to Moscow.

Upon his return to Prague, the KSČ reversed its decision. In subsequent months, the party demonstrated a significant radicalisation of its tactics. The KSČ argued that a reactionary coup was imminent, and that immediate action was necessary to prevent it. Through media and police means, they intensified their activity. Originally announced by Gottwald at the KSČ Central Committee meeting in November 1947, news of the "reactionary plot" was disseminated throughout the country by the communist press.

From June of that year, and especially after the outbreak of the 1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine in November, Czechoslovakia began to sell arms to the Palestinian Jewish Haganah defense force. It was the only foreign state to do so. This policy, continued after the declaration of the State of Israel the following year, would play an important role in the victory of the Jewish state in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

1948

In January 1948, the communist-controlled Ministry of Interior proceeded to purge the Czechoslovak security forces, substituting noncommunists with communists. Simultaneously, the KSČ began agitating for increased nationalisation and for a new land reform limiting landholdings to fifty hectares.

A cabinet crisis precipitated the attempted February coup. Backed by all non-communist parties, the National Social ministers said that the communists were using the Ministry of Interior's police and security forces to suppress non-communists, and demanded a halt to this. Prime Minister Gottwald, however, repeatedly forestalled discussion of the police issue. On 21 February, to counter the imminent coup Beneš called for the non-communist ministers to grant him emergency powers, with them he could secure the Czech Armed Forces support in the event of an attempted communist coup, Beneš also called for early elections.

The twelve noncommunist ministers complied, in part, to induce Beneš to call for early elections. Communist losses were anticipated owing to popular disapproval of recent KSČ tactics. A January poll indicated a 10-percent decline in Communist electoral support. The Czechoslovak National Socialists made their move, coordination with Beneš. The democratic parties, in addition, made extreme effort to rally popular support.

The non-Communists believed that Beneš would not keep the communists in the government, which would presumably force Gottwald to either back down or resign. Beneš initially refused to accept purging his government and declared that no government could be called truly democratic without an existing opposition. However, in the days that followed, he shunned the non-Communist ministers to avoid accusation of collusion. Beneš also appointed Jan Masaryk as minister of Defense and the Czechoslovak Army remained loyal to the National Social Party.

In the meantime, the KSČ garnered its forces. The communist-controlled Ministry of Interior deployed police regiments to sensitive areas and equipped a workers' militia. The communist-controlled Ministry of Information refused broadcasting time to noncommunist officials. some ministries held by noncommunist parties were secured by communist "action committees." The action committees also attempted to purge all governmental and political party organs of unreliable elements. Gottwald threatened to call a general strike unless Beneš appointed a new, Communist-dominated government.

On the 7th of February Masaryk was found by a couple army officers injured, dressed only in his pyjamas, in the courtyard of the Ministry of Defense below his bathroom window. The Communist led Ministry of the Interior claimed that he had committed suicide by jumping out of the window, but after he woke up 2 days later it was revealed as attempted murdered on behest of the nascent Communist government. Jan Masaryk is a very tidy man. He later joked about it, saying that was such a tidy man that when he jumped he would have shut the window after himself.

On the 26th of February, Beneš, aware of the risk of civil war and/or Soviet intervention, sent for Jan Masaryk, at that time appointed minister of Defense. He called for the Czechoslovak Legion to march for Prague, disarming the communist militias and the police, eventually arresting Gottwald for treason against the democratic state. The new cabinet was dominated by Nationalists and Social Democrats. Members of the National Socialist and Czech Democratic parties were included, so the government was still nominally a coalition.

From late February to early May, the Czechoslovak Legion took part in purging the major cities of communist forces still dominant there. By the end of that month and the would be coup d'état Beneš called for the early elections where the communists lost close to 20% of their voters due to the recent implications.

1949

In 1949, with democracy restored to Czechoslovakia, The health of president Beneš began to deteriorate, finally leading to a heart attack on March 6th. As a result, Jan Masaryk succeeded the late president and assumed leadership of the national government.

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Edited:

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